Unit Activity Essays (1035 words) - Mathematics, Formula

Unit Activity Unit: Single-Variable Expressions This activity will help you meet these educational goals: Mathematical Practices- You will make sense of problems and solve them, use mathematics to model real-world situations, and use appropriate tools strategically. Introduction Have you ever made a mistake when trying to solve a math problem? It can be pretty easy to do, and often will result in losing points on an exam. In the real world, such mistakes can have more serious effects: Miscalculating how much gas you have left in your car will leave you stranded. Miscalculating how much money you have left in your bank account might cost you an overdraft fee. Even more serious, miscalculations have resulted in serious accidents happening many times. Once, as a result of not using the correct units, a satellite sent to Mars burned up in the atmosphere, wasting over $300 million dollars. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to help avoid making errors along the way. One of these strategies is manipulating formulas so they are solving for the variable you want before you substitute values for the variables in the formula. This technique is especially useful when working with large, unwieldy numbers. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: A Journey to Earth Every moment of every day, light pours out from the Sun at the center of our solar system and travels to Earth. It does not arrive at Earth instantaneously though; it takes time to get here. Your task is to figure out how long it takes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. a. The formula for the velocity of an object is [pic], where v is the velocity of the object, d is the distance traveled, and t is the time elapsed while that distance is traveled. If you had only this formula to work with, what should your first step be in determining how long it takes for light to reach Earth from the Sun? What additional information do you need to calculate this? Type your response here: b. Solve for the variable you are looking for. Show your work. Type your response here: c. Now search the Internet for the values of the variables you do not know. What are they? Type your response here: d. Using the formula you derived and the values you researched, calculate the time it takes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. Type your response here: e. Felix Baumgartner is a daredevil famous for breaking the sound barrier during a freefall on October 14, 2012. Aided by a weather balloon, he climbed to a height of 128,100 feet. More than 24 miles in the air, he was so high up that he could see Earth's curvature. He then jumped out of the capsule that carried him. On the way down, he traveled at an average of 335.92 miles per hour, at one point even going as fast as 720 miles per hour, breaking the record for the highest skydive ever attempted and breaking the sound barrier in the process. Using the formula you derived in part b, how long did it take Baumgartner to reach the ground, in minutes? Be careful about unit conversions, and show your work. Type your response here: Task 2: Interest in Finance Interest is a concept familiar to most people: every credit card in existence has a term called annual percentage rate (APR), which is an interest rate. Suppose you charged $1,000 to a credit card that has a minimum payment each month equal to the interest owed. Can you figure out how much the interest rate is based on this amount? The formula for simple interest is [pic]where I is the amount you will pay in interest, r is the rate at which interest will accrue, P is the principal (amount borrowed), and m is the number of times the interest is applied. a. To solve for the interest rate of your credit card, you need to understand which variables in the above formula you have. If your minimum monthly payment is $22 on the $1,000 credit card bill, which variables do you know the values of? Type your response here: b. Manipulate the formula so it will calculate the interest rate you are paying instead of the amount of money you are paying. Type your response here: c. Now that you have a formula that will give you the interest rate, plug in the values for

Dbms Implentation Essays

Dbms Implentation Essays Dbms Implentation Essay Dbms Implentation Essay Learning Team Assignment: DBMS Implementation Plan Resource: Virtual Organization for Huffman Trucking Write a 10-12 page plan for the implementation of an enterprise DBMS for Huffman Trucking. Assume that the Microsoft ® Access Fleet Truck Maintenance Database listed on the Huffman Trucking intranet site has been implemented. Assume other departments within Huffman Trucking have stand-alone databases, at least one of which uses database software other than Microsoft ® Access. Identify all of your assumptions. Your plan should discuss the details and features of the DBMS that would be implemented, problems that would be addressed by the system implementation, and issues that might be incurred during the system’s implementation. Introduction With increasingly more data requiring to be saved, arranged, and accessed in an organization, the requirement to apply and use a good Database Management System (DBMS) has become essential. DBMS systems vary from an easy system for example Microsoft ® Access to more complicated systems for example Structured Query Language (SQL) and Oracle. The aim of this analysis is to look into the existing procedures being utilized in Huffman Trucking since they relate with data storing, organization, and accessibility and then to suggest what DBMS system might meet the requirements of the organization. This evaluation will start looking at the existing DBMS system being used by Huffman Trucking and determine the weaknesses and strengths of the existing process(s). After the research into the existing system is finished, our team will look at different DBMS systems to determine which system would be much better suited to Huffman Trucking. As soon as the DBMS system is determined, our team will show the details and characteristics of the suggested DBMS system which Huffman Trucking must look into to buy and implement. Finally, our team will suggest an agenda for applying the suggested DBMS system, determine which issues in the existing Huffman Trucking might be fixed by using the system, and determine problems which may be incurred during the system’s execution. Requests, Analysis, and Responses Company’s Request When the organization was small, having the ability to monitor everything from truck repair and company staff was relatively simple but; since the company has expanded a requirement for a better system has developed. Huffman Trucking has turned to our company to examine their existing database procedures, determine the weaknesses and strengths of their existing database system, and suggest both an improved database system as well as methods the system may be applied in the organization. Current Analysis for Huffman Trucking About the Company: Huffman Trucking was established by K. Huffman in 1936, with a one semi-tractor trailer operation which has expanded to an operation which presently has more than eight hundred road tractors, more than 2,100 trailers, and more than 260 â€Å"roll-on/roll-off† units utilized to shift cargo off and on ships to their tractors. Presently the Company Office and Service Center is situated in Cleveland, OH, with other facilities in Los Angeles, CA, St. Louis, MO, as well as Bayonne, NJ. The organization employs more than 925 drivers as well as 425 support staff. The organization forecasts that they will carry on growing therefore requiring additional vehicles, drivers as well as staff. Analysis of Current Database Processes Huffman Trucking presently uses a number of different database systems to incorporate Microsoft ® Access, MySQL, as well as Microsoft ® Excel files. Microsoft ® Access is used by the maintenance division to save, arrange, and access 2 different maintenance databases to incorporate: Entities and Attributes for Drivers Log and the Entities and Attributes for Fleet Truck Maintenance. MySQL is presently used by the Human Resource division to save, arrange and get access to information on all associates in the organization. Though not a database management system, several individual divisions maintain data information saved and arranged on Microsoft ® Excel spreadsheets (Apollo Group, 2004). Weaknesses of Current Database Processes Contrary to the strengths, there are several weak points regarding the existing database procedures. Firstly, theres no continuity or uniformity of data from all divisions and places in the organization. This may lead to data mistakes, duplicate data in the various systems used, and the failure to develop helpful information which can help Huffman Trucking make better company decisions. A lot of data is being saved and arranged on Excel spreadsheets, that can be lost if the computer system the data is saved might fail. These Excel spreadsheets also can just be accessed by some associates in the organization and might not be for other divisions or associates. Using MySQL and Microsoft ® Access assists however all the data being saved in the databases arent shared with most of the organization. Response to Company’s Request After assessing the existing database procedures used by Huffman Trucking, our company agrees with Huffman Trucking’s request to buy and apply a much better database system for the entire organization; this latest system would substitute their Microsoft ® Access, MySQL, and Microsoft ® Excel spreadsheets. Recommended DBMS It is suggested for Huffman Trucking to utilize a company database management system (DBMS). For the reason that; Huffman Trucking needs a DBMS that would help various functions because big amount of data is saved on regular basis and that too at various places. A relational database system for example the Oracle 10g is a strongly recommended database for Huffman Trucking. Oracle 10g assigns an exclusive ID to each transaction or data that makes it simpler to save the data and also serves the objective of easily finding the data. Additionally, exclusive ID which is linked to the data remains same and cant be modified. This saves on the expense of data redundancy whereby, ame data might be saved on many places by various users. Additionally, any data that has to be upgraded may be upgraded quickly and the upgraded file automatically replaces the last file. This will decrease the worry to have an upgraded file with some latest naming convention to ensure that during retrieval, the user recalls which one was the latest version. Though Oracle 10g DBMS might be a costly option re garding the expense of getting and applying this type of DBMS, it is still a valuable investment because it may be operated from one place and can tackle large volumes of data. Another significant aspect is considering for future years. Huffman Trucking might be thinking about applying an ERP in future and this DBMS could be an ideal selection because most ERP systems, for example SAP and Oracle R12, are based on Oracle Databases and it will be simpler for Huffman Trucking to blend Oracle 10g with Oracle R12 or SAP. Additionally, the skilled assets will be used and will be useful during the use of Oracle R12 or SAP. Additionally, Oracle 10g is a dependable database from a famous system application provider, Oracle. Consequently, there will be less data mistakes because of fault due to undesirable Database and if there come up a mistake, the metalink support supplied by Oracle is extremely effective to timely fix the problems about the databases. Additionally, the truth that databases are constantly upgraded by patches and upgrade files supplied by Oracle itself, will make sure that data safety stays unchanged and mistakes are eliminated prior to they are actually experienced by the organization. After evaluating all the benefits linked with Oracle 10g, it may be determined that all the deficiencies in the existing DBMS at Huffman Trucking, shall be eliminated. There might be a cost factor which may hinder the management to consider shifting towards with the deal; however the advantages easily outweigh the expenses. Implementing the DBMS Implementation Plan Huffman Trucking isnt different concerning applying a DBMS, every organization depends on a great DBMS just because it offers all the required tools in applying strategies, establishing and accomplishing business objectives. As the data of a company is their most significant asset, establishing a plan to use the DBMS is extremely important. Huffman Trucking has got offices and hubs in 4 different towns across the country; using a DBMS which would provide the company’s workers access to their data both locally as well as remotely. The plan must concentrate on traditional file processing, file duplication, formats, as well as security. This would also include determining which organizational hubs will be served directly, determining current and future applications which would be required, and significantly, which functions will be used. Determining the document needs is a vital step in that it provides a better option of DBMS supplier selection. Issues that can be solved by the Implementation Presently Huffman Trucking uses several database systems, the staffs are separately handling data, data duplication is yet another problem and the existing system is certain to security threats. As per Anjard (1994), the key reason on applying a DBMS may be described as â€Å"decrease in data redundancy, upgrading mistakes and enhanced data uniformity, greater data integrity and independence from use, assisting development of latest programs, advancement in data safety, lowering of data, storage, and retrieval expenses, and overall improve data access to users†. With this new execution, Huffman Trucking can depend on the system for data administration and data adjustment and utilizing questions to get helpful information. Data management as well as data adjustment are two main characteristics of database system. Having more than one place across the country, the latest execution brings data uniformity and data concurrency. Having a multiuser database, several Huffman’s workers (users) can access data simultaneously and data uniformity make each user sees a uniform view of a data, incorporating noticeable modifications by other users and the user. Workers wont need to save important company papers on their local machines; it can be accessed from shared servers in the network. All hubs have accessibility to data all over the Huffman’s facilities; this will enhance effectiveness and efficiency significantly. The Human Resource Division will have access to every worker record; also managers and other workers who have limited access to sensitive papers. As presently, â€Å"the compensation manager keeps Excel spreadsheet with results of job analyses, salary surveys, as well as personal compensation decisions† (Apollo Group, 2004); this information may be handled by the DBMS providing access to limited users only. This information shouldn’t be placed by a person; the organization must be capable to access information such as this to get helpful information for comparison and analytical functions. Issues that may be incurred during Implementation One main problem which most organizations encounter when implementing the latest DBMS is the expense, others vary from its complexity to size cumbersome. The expense underlying execution of DBMS comprises software and hardware, transformation of files-for example file-based to database. Huffman Trucking income report indicates the net income below twenty thousand dollars through the years 2005 and 2006; DBMS are extremely costly, an organization must do detail research prior to selecting which system to use. A few DBMS expenses might be reduced based on the characteristics as well as functions which are needed by the company. Other problems arent restricted to working in the software and hardware standards of the company and utilizing present resources to reduce cost. Time and economic limitations must be taken into consideration; the requirements of the company must be met. Employees’ capability to get accustomed to the latest system must also be considered; the system will provide a major improvement to the company but might have a damaging as well as challenging influence on the users. Database systems are complicated, a highly trained staff will assist ease the conversion procedure. Every worker who requires to makes use of the system must be skilled, or the users will rebel and the system will fail. Conclusion Discussion starts here . . .

Transgenic Plants and Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transgenic Plants and Animals - Essay Example Transgenic plants can help in the area of food sufficiency, through production of high yielding crop varieties; improving plant tolerance against extreme conditions such as drought or floods; increasing resistance to pests; and increasing resistance to herbicides. These improvements would reduce production cost, reduce wastage, increase yield per hectare and thereby increase food availability. Today, varieties of peanuts and corn resistant to pests are already grown throughout the world. In health, genetic modifications can aid in making life saving drugs in large amounts. Transgenic livestock that produce recombinant proteins in their milk can provide an economic and safe system for production of valuable proteins, such as pharmaceutical proteins for treatment or prevention of human disease or biomaterials for medical use (Keefer, 2004). As an example insulin and the clotting factors are made by human systems. If we insert the gene that is capable of producing insulin from humans into cows in the right way, then we can get the cows to produce the insulin or clotting factors in their milk. Then we have a potential mass producer of insular greater than human is capable of doing. In the areas of nutrition, common staple crops like rice, corn, root crops, and others can be modified to produce varieties high in necessary nutrients. In the area of environment, organisms can de modified to degrade non-biodegradable plastics and other materials and make them more useful to the environment. Major concerns on transgenic plants and animals The production of transgenic plants and animals has faced several concerns among conservatives in Europe, America, and almost every corners of the globe. Thro (2004) emphasized that there are conflicting views about the idea... The researcher states that recent development in biotechnology that gains attention in the scientific world is the alteration of genetic components of plants and animals. The process involves adding and integrating foreign genetic material into the genetic structures of the plants and animals. Transgenic technology affords methods that allow the transfer of genes between different species. The produced organism is generally called as GMO or transgenic plants or animals. A transgene is a gene with desirable characteristics that is moved from a source organism implanted into a new organism in order to improve the desired characteristics of the recipient organism. This is an improvement from the traditional process of breeding wherein a plant or animal with a desired trait is mated with an existing plant or animal of the same type, to transfer the desired trait to the offspring. The limitation of this old method is that the only genes that are involved are the genes already present in t he parental plants or animals. For example, if you bred dogs, you get dogs with genes coming from both dog parents and nothing else. In genetic modification, genes from plants can be integrated into animals or vice versa; genes from birds can be integrated with horses. Production of transgenic plants is expensive and complicated since it uses costly technology and facility. Companies producing GM seeds in countries such as the US desire to produce more revenues on them because they put a lot of resources into making them.

Essay about comparing and contrast methods of communication used 50

About comparing and contrast methods of communication used 50 years ago - Essay Example Verbal communication involves the exchange of words on an oral level; this mode is considered to be the most frank and shortest way to communicate. Examples of such communication may include personal interviews, telephone calls, seminars, meetings, conferences. The communication modes that were adopted for verbal communication 50 years back included minimal use of phones since they were not very common in those days. Mobile phones were not still in the phase of being invented. It is due to these reasons that face to face communication was mostly adopted to exchange information. The conventional face to face communication has been replaced with mobile communication and verbal communication facilitated by computer applications. The decreasing need for face to face interaction is making people aloof from the rest of the world and making them anti-social. Shim stated that the habitual usage of mobile phones and verbal communication applications is having an effect on the desire of the in dividuals (specifically teenagers) to interact with their family members, whereas family relations bore great relevance in the past generations. The quality and essence of written communication that was held precious in the past years seems to be fading away with the integration of new modes and technologies. Examples of written communication are regulations, publications and reports, circulars, memos, proposals and complaints. Government agencies also opt for written communication to ensure a long term record of data and circulation of information on low costs. The conventional modes of written communication included postal mail that took extensive durations to reach their destination. The receiving of this type of communication was not even guaranteed and could only be confirmed when it reached its destination. Such slow pace and unreliable mode of communication has been replaced with better technological modes, such as email, text messages on cell phones, messages on

Law and Social Order. Criminal justice in Canada Essay

Law and Social Order. Criminal justice in Canada - Essay Example Law and Social Order. Criminal justice in Canada In Canada, the criminal justice system stabilizes the objectives of crime control, prevention and protection of citizens’ rights (Grossman & Roberts, 15). The general justice system consists of three branches; legislative, adjudications, and finally corrections. The above three branches are very important in the criminal justice system, the legislative branch deals with the process of making laws that govern the country and assist In the implementation, of justice, in the country. While the adjudications part is where judgments are passed, and justice is accomplished, the corrections include jails and other probation facilities. Offenders are taken to the places whenever they are found guilty, one stays in the correctional facilities depending on the magnitude of one’s case. The police enhance the activities of criminal justice systems; they are the first individuals who are contacted when citizens have any problems. The courts serve as avenues where disputes are settle d and whomever, the judge in this case passes judgment and has the final say in the court.The criminal justice system is obliged to main functions, which all aim at protecting the society. It aims at controlling crime, preventing criminal activities from occurring now and then and finally maintaining justice In line with the laid down rules or the constitution (Klein, 695). The society makes it task of the institutions of the criminal justice system to control, prevent crime and maintenance of justice; law enforcement, courts and corrections. The police are responsible for law enforcement at both local and state levels. Discretion is judgment and judgment is exercised by applying ethics and values to facts. Actors in the criminal justice system substitute their judgments for formal statutory punishments in order to influence criminal justice system by the means. It allows judges to create their own judgments depending on their own views even if these judgments are not in line with t he rule of law. Criminal trials in Canada are done either before the judge alone or before the judge and jury. Although discretion is especially important in the criminal justice system, it can be abused. Some judgments are made wrongly, and the victims end up being charged for the crimes they did not commit. This is very common in the many courts where the judge makes a judgment without proper evidence and from hearsays. The police can abuse discretion by arresting a suspected criminal and putting them in jail for a crime not committed (Canadian Bar Association, 5). Although they are aimed at protecting the people of the community, they should have good evidence before making a claim. Law enforcers sometimes term investigations as a waste of time and money and the suspects are pushed to courts to be punished. The criminal justice system utilizes discretion to lessen the pressures they have in their system. The agencies are allowed to make decisions depending on the weight of the cr ime convicted; most of them are placed on home correction in order to avoid the congestion of jails and other correctional facilities. Therefore, most of the times discretionary decisions are based on the limitation of resources. However, not all discretionary decisions are based on this; they can also be based on politics, for example, police crackdown activities in search of something. Some people, however, argue that the use of discretion in the criminal justice system is not fair as some cases are withdrawn without a proper basis. They say that equality should be observed in the passing of judgments and that all cases should be treated in the same manner. This should not be the case because one cannot compare drunkenness while driving and a person who has been

Tv Could You Be Without It Media Essay

Tv Could You Be Without It Media Essay T.V. is the important part human of life. It was invented by J.L. Beard. In T.V. we are watching many types of channels. T.V. is providing domestic and foreign channels. It has reached in almost every house. It plays a vital role in moulding the public opinion in various ways. It plays very important role in educationing news and entertainment of the people. If we are it in the front of the T.V. one can pass and enjoy our free time more easily. We have many things to do in a T.V. such as-Listening to music, viewing movie, learning techniques of body building. Hearing sermons of religious saints. We are learning about lives of wild animals, birds, water creature, knowing about space and what not. If during the election period one can know the position of the political party, there leaders happening in all parts of the country. All facts of election just sitting before the television. We are watching cricket match and its score on the television. T.V. is very helpful for weather foreca sting for which people that is going to see to catch the fishes. If they do not understand the weather it can be more harmful to their lives. Youngsters, children, and adults are nowadays seen viewing the channel as per their interest. Many children are watching cartoon network, Pogo, Hungnam, Nicklodien, Disney,etc. Students and youngster are listening to music and seen their thrust of knowledge, viewing channels like Discovery, National Geography, Fox history, Travel Living, Animal Planet, etc. If anyone watching these channels one can increase up the knowledge day by day. News channels are very important to us because these are sending many types of information. It has many types of news channels such as IBN7, DD Loksabha, DD Rajayasabha, Star News etc.the news channel on our TV are also provides the information of floods in different rivers. We came to know the information regarding the earthquake through our news channels. The image on the small screen of T.V. thus have a signi ficant impression on all more particularly on the gullible children and on the teens.The present day our television is telecasted fashion, hair dressing awakening towards the right of children. Our government has passed the rule of every channel. If they are showing sexual content and boldness. It will take a strong action and banned of those programme. T.V. places a very important role in our society. We cant live without a television. Every people are familiar to T.V. Today almost people watching news in T.V.They cannot use newspapers the major point of news is displaying in the screen of the television. T.V. is one of the most important boons of a science. Most of the people are not live without watching a television. In childhood T.V. gives a basic knowledge of children for various types of cartoon films and programme. Thus, childrens understand easily of each moral topic. So we can say that the T.V. is important in our life. But some of the programmes showmen are healthy and so me are very obscene. The government should control the cable T.V. so that the unhealthy programme is not telecasted. Media also plays a great role with the television. There are many types of news channels such as: Star Zee channels are also looking with the help of television. We can also play a game in to the television. The first advantage of television is recreation. Radio also provides recreation. It gives us songs, stories and dramas. But these are much more charming on the television. One in direct advantage of the television is the advantage of employment. A very large number of persons gets their livelihood from the television manufacturing industries. Besides workers in the television industries, there are so many people who earn their livelihood by acting for many programme of the television. Every action needs a person because without a person we cannot watch anything. In the TV I also look some facts of videos which cannot be showing the news paper. In the TV we are watching Ramayana it is a religious show which can gives a many types of morals. The serial is superbly produced and is a fine example of a bland of traditional mythological presentation of a story and modern techniques of a colour, music and special effects. We have university and teaching Programs which add to our knowledge. TV is moderate viewing can be useful to our mind and act as. Relief from boredom. The telecast of TV programmes via the satellite is a great achievement of modern science. As a result of it television has reached almost every part of our country. We can watch live republic parades, Independence Day and other things telecast in the TV. Now doordarshan is facing a tough competition from star and zee TV. Doordarshan telecast only in India. Doordarshan provides many types of news, information and entertainment. This channel is telecasting every part of India such as villages, towns etc. This is the basic channel for educating and entertainment of the people. TV is like magic box. It has provided lots of entertain and make our mind free from depression. Peoples are watching TV in the morning and evening for current affairs. Today peoples are doing much more struggle in his life so they cannot spend a time in reading a news paper. So they watch the TV. TV is the more essential part of young generation because it works as a messenger. Generally we are going to market for shopping but now days many channels telecast for based shopping. So it is not necessary to go anywhere. All products and its price are also telecast in TV. It is the main reason that we purchase many products from the TV. When we sit in our house TV is the most significant. We can also say that TV is very popular today. Families members are try to reduce the time of TV viewing for their childrens. It is the boon of a man and we cannot be without it.

Massai Warriors- National Geographic Report :: essays research papers

In the September 1999, issue of National Geographic Magazine, there is quite an interesting article that has been written by Carol Beckworth and Angela Fisher. It deals with the Masai Warriors of Kenya, and how their culture recognizes an adolescent male that is becoming a man, or entering manhood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Masai warriors are a group of semi- nomadic people who live on the border of Kenya and Tanzania. They are a relatively small group, with only about 300,000 people in their culture. They hunt for their food with spears, they live in small homes made out of cow dung, and their most advanced form of technology seems to be the bark shoes that they wear on their feet. They are fairly quiet, subdued people, and they seem to ignore the changing world around them. Their customs greatly differ from the outside world, and many of them would nowadays be called very inhumane and primitive. But these ways are the only ways that they know. But, unfortunately, it may not always be that way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Masai culture finds the changing of boy to man to be a very important event in life. It is not something that will just happen on it’s own. It is not something that takes place over the course of a decade, either. It is a very spiritual ritual that occurs over a four-day period. This event is known as Eunoto. It is a very rigorous, very challenging, and almost an inhumane ceremony. Eunoto involves the slaying of a lion, the skinning of a buffalo, sexual intercourse with prepuburtal and uncircumcised young girls, the erection of a new building for each young man involved, and very often, the hysterical trance of a young man, during which he may attempt to slay himself with a spear. The young man being initiated finally ends the ritual by having his hair cut off by his mother. This very important event symbolizes the end of the maternal bond between the two. The morals of this culture seem to leave a little something to be desired, however. Marriage, for instance, doesn’t mean quite what it means here (although in some cases, they are more loyal to their spouses there than people are here). A man may be married to more than one wife there, and sex out of wedlock doesn’t appear to be frowned upon there. Many times before the Eunoto is carried out, the young men (18 – 19 years of age) sleep with 9- 11 year old girls.